CONSERVATION

Bird Conservation has become an important issue as we realize the impact of various factors (for example, habitat encroachment from development) on bird populations. It is so important that it has become part of the science of Conservation Biology.

This Tree Swallow is asking for protection – PEI National Park, PEI – May 20, 2017 – by Matt Beardsley
This Tree swallow is sending a message
photo by Matt Beardsley, PEI, Canada
Many organizations from the international to the local level have been formed and have programs to help maintain healthy bird populations. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has established a ‘Red List‘ of animal species, including birds, that specifies the conservation status of the animal.  Another organization is Partners in Flight, which works toward bird conservation. There are also many conservation projects as well. Aside from habitat loss, here are a few other examples of threats to birds:
For seabirds: fishing gear, oil spills, plastic in the ocean;
For ground-nesting birds: cats, dogs, rats, possums;
For endemic birds: introduced species; diseases brought by introduced species, for which endemic birds have no immunity;
For birds of prey: ammunition containing lead;
For migrating birds: poisoned bodies of water from pollution along their migratory routes; collisions with windows of high-rise buildings; collisions with aircraft;
For field birds: agricultural practices;
For various species: hunting for the birds’ feathers or their meat, sometimes to extinction; plain vandalism; garbage.
Plastic pollution in the ocean – One example: the Hawaiian Islands are located in the middle of the North Pacific Gyre. This word means ‘rotating’. This is where the ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch‘ (or ‘Pacific Trash Vortex’) is located.)
This vast ocean current gathers garbage in its middle, which means that pristine beaches in Hawaii are polluted with all kinds of microscopic and larger floating debris, much of it plastic and styrofoam. Studies have shown that seabirds such as the Laysan Albatross ingest a large amount of those debris, which can stay in their stomach and cause lacerations and other problems. The birds also unfortunately feed those debris to their chicks as well.

Northern Fulmar caught in litter – Dec. 2016 – photo by Salko de Wolf, Ecomare
Northern fulmar, Salko de Wolf, Ecomare
Plastic found inside dead Northern Fulmar – Oct. 2012 – photo by Carol Meteyer, USFWS
Plastic found inside dead Northern fulmar
photo by Dr. Carol Meteyer, USFSW
Lead poisoning at Midway Atoll: the Midway Atoll is part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. There are dozens of old Navy buildings on this island dating back from WWII. The paint on these buildings contains lead, and has been peeling off for many years. A large population of Laysan Albatrosses live on Midway, and the nests close to the buildings expose the chicks to lead poisoning, which is as bad for them as it is for humans.
Lead poisoning in Birds of prey from gun ammo: another issue related to lead poisoning is occurring in birds of prey which ingest lead from gun ammo used to kill ducks for example. Hunters are being encouraged to switch to non-lead ammunition to protect birds of prey.
Migratory Bird Collisions: There are now widespread ‘Lights Out’ programs in the USA and Canada to encourage, even mandate, cities to turn off building lights at night to prevent migratory bird collisions in the spring (numbers vary from 100 million to 1 billion migrating birds each year in North America). Small song birds are especially vulnerable.
CHARGES: Sometimes charges are laid against polluters for the consequences on birds.

Oiled Surf scoter, by Brocken Inaglory - San Francisco Bay, 2007
Oiled Surf scoter, by Brocken Inaglory
Impact of climate change : a recently published study has established a link between climate change and the timing of some species of songbirds coming back to their breeding ranges in North America. This timing appears to no longer match the timing of their prey (insects) availability.
COSEWIC: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada is a federal government funded group of scientists who track Canadian wildlife for the health of their population. Their website is a precious source of information.
Habitat preservation initiative:
One example of a habitat preservation initiative in the wintering areas of North American songbirds is the modification of farming practices of coffee growers, mainly in Central America. Those species are called the ‘coffee bird’ group. Measures are now being taken  to preserve the habitat of those species of birds with more sustainable coffee growing practices while still preserving profitability for the farmers.
www.borealbirds.org is an initiative to protect the boreal forest for breeding birds.
Another example of habitat preservation is avoiding the trimming of trees when birds nest in them.

Tree warning sign in Honolulu for white tern nests
Warning! White tern nest in tree!
On Prince Edward Island, volunteers with the Maritime Marsh Monitoring Program have recently found uncommon bird species in their last survey.
The ‘Recycling’ Osprey:
As can be seen below, this osprey in Summerside, PEI, has gathered garbage pieces to build its nest – plastic bags, electrical wires, fishing gear, etc. What other garbage is there in that nest? What risk does that garbage pose to the chicks? How many bird species, large and small, are picking pieces of garbage as part of the material they use to build their nests? It is reasonable to assume that birds will pick whatever they find suitable in their environment – whether it contains garbage or not – to build their nests. How is this impacting the bird populations?
Here's a situation where it did not end well for one of the osprey fledglings in a nest on PEI. The bird got strangled in some garbage and died hanging under the nest, while the parents were frantically searching for that offspring.

This Osprey gathered garbage to build its nest - PEI, Canada, photo by Marie Smith
Osprey nest with garbage, by Marie Smith
Garbage at landfills: Gulls being scavengers, they are obviously following the food sources. Those are not always in their best interest. We are all familiar with those birds in cities around garbage bins or picking food scraps on the pavement. They are also very much present at landfills, and this study in Newfoundland has found around 25% of the birds’ stomach contained pieces of foam, 20% was glass and metal, along with all kinds of other inedible garbage.
Roadkill: All kinds of animals get killed by vehicles on the road, including birds. Birds of prey and scavengers will get killed because they feed on killed carcasses. Others get killed because they pick grit, etc. 
Bird rescue is an important part of conservation, for example following an oil spill.
In NEWFOUNDLAND, Canada, there is a 'Puffin and Petrel Patrol', that helps rescue these birds when they come onshore at night. What happens is they get blinded by street lights on roads along the shore, confusing them for the moon and stars, and then get hit. This organization has been able to rescue thousands of birds so far.
Reporting of injured and dead birds in Canada: There is a Canadian (bilingual) organization about the health of wildlife which, among other useful information, provides instructions on how and where to report injured and dead wildlife, including birds. (For PEI it would be the Atlantic Veterinary Collage at the University of Prince Edward Island. )
Bird sanctuaries or refuges offer sick, lost or injured birds the opportunity to recover in a protected environment and be released back in the wild when well.
There are also wildlife reserves such as the Kaena Point Coastal Reserve, in Hawaii, which protects vulnerable birds nesting on the ground such as the Laysan albatross and the wedge-tailed shearwater . For more information on Conservation in Hawaii, please check this page.